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… If, however, the and disadvantages of the different options have similar weight, it becomes more difficult to justify the . In that case, it may become necessary to provide more detailed information on the reasonable alternatives in the environmental report, even if this involves considerable effort. …

… Although it might be methodologically conceivable to interpret the Nitrates Directive as a lex specialis in relation to the Water Framework Directive, the latter directive aims at enhanced and improvement of the aquatic , according to Article 1(c) thereof. Furthermore, under Article 4(2), the most stringent objective must always apply. …

… OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL KOKOTT delivered on 26 March 2026 (1) Cases C-531/24 and C-895/24 An Taisce - The National Trust for Ireland and Others (Requests for a preliminary ruling from the High Court (Ireland)) (References for a preliminary ruling - - Directive 91/676/EEC - of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources - Action programmes in respect of vulnerable zones - Grant of a derogation for the purpose of allowing the application to the land …

… Third, it must confer a on the beneficiary. Fourth, it must distort or threaten to distort competition. (11) 12. …

… On the contrary, the Court has held that the anti-pollution surveillance carried out in an oil port is a task in the public interest which forms part of the essential functions of the State as regards of the in maritime areas and, accordingly, is not of an economic nature (see judgment of 18 March 1997, Diego Calì & Figli (C-343/95, EU:C:1997:160, paragraphs 22 and 23 and the case-law cited)). …

… on the beneficiaries and was liable to affect trade between Member States; it was for the national court to determine whether the activity of providing pilotage services constituted an economic activity and whether it distorted competition. 8. …

… That finding did not, however, require the German authorities to deregulate the market altogether and to allow gambling operators established in other Member States to freely provide their services therein. (12) In fact, as the Belgian Government rightly observes, the Court has consistently taken the view that an unfettered freedom to provide gambling services within the internal market would be undesirable, in particular from the perspective of consumer . 32. …

… The Court has indeed repeatedly recognised that games of chance give rise to serious risks for consumers - and for public health more generally - relating, inter alia, to squandering and addiction. (13) It has also acknowledged that those risks are exacerbated in the context of online gambling, in view of ‘the particular ease and the permanence of access to games offered over the internet and the potentially high volume and frequency of such an international offer, in an which is moreover …

… The sole criterion mentioned therein - namely that of the ‘most economically tender’ - appeared neither relevant nor even compatible with Paragraph 4b(5) of the GlüStV 2012. 7 Indeed, at the material time, although Tipico did not hold a licence issued by the German authorities, it nevertheless provided its services, via its website, to consumers in Germany. 8 In the version promulgated on 2 January 2002 (BGB I, pp. 42 and 2909; 2003 I, p. 738). 9 While at the material time Tipico already …

… In this way, pressure could be exerted on the larger European States with (at the time) stronger international airlines (such as the United Kingdom and France) by giving their competitors, notably KLM, Lufthansa and Sabena, an on direct routes to the United States through larger points of entry into that country. …

… Stadlmeier considers that that policy was based on a divide et impera strategy: it offered smaller European States with internationally active airlines and at least one major airport as a supraregional hub limited liberalisation (through additional points of entry into the United States) in return for complete liberalisation in the opposite direction. …

… ’), Article 19 (‘Air carrier liability’), Article 20 (‘Consumer ’), Article 21 (‘Computer reservation systems’), and Article 22 (‘Social aspects’). 46 Title III of the envisaged agreement is composed of Article 23 (‘Interpretation and implementation’), Article 24 (‘The Joint Committee’), Article 25 (‘Dispute resolution and arbitration’), Article 26 (‘Relationship to other agreements’), Article 27 (‘Amendments to the Agreement’), Article 28 (‘Accession by new Member States of the European …

… Subject to paragraph 1 and to Articles 9 and 10, Member States may take into account, in establishing the rules for the procedure, considerations of … the of the , the preservation of cultural heritage and other overriding reasons relating to the public interest, in conformity with Community law.’ B. Italian law 1. The Italian Constitution (5) 6. …

… In those circumstances, the authorisation (following a competitive procedure) will be granted for a limited duration and will not be open to automatic renewal or confer any other type of on the provider whose authorisation has just expired. 24. …

… Article 12 (‘ from among several candidates’) provides: ‘1. Where the number of authorisations available for a given activity is limited because of the scarcity of available natural resources or technical capacity, Member States shall apply a procedure to potential candidates which provides full guarantees of impartiality and transparency, including, in particular, adequate publicity about the launch, conduct and completion of the procedure. 2. …

… Moreover AGCOM had considered not only the financial interests of the State in allocating frequencies in return for payment but also other relevant factors, such as the to be gained by financially reliable companies which would be able to build high-coverage networks and the need to reduce the number of multiplexes available for digital television broadcasting in order to solve problems of interference and issues of international coordination. …

… Given that, from a technological point of view, the development of digital broadcasting is inevitable, it would be advantageous if, before proceeding with the transition to digital , member states, in consultation with the various industries involved and the public, were to draw up a well-defined strategy that would ensure a carefully thought-out transition, which would maximise its benefits and minimise its possible negative effects. 2. …

… On the other hand, the fee-based procedure did allow the entry of new operators into the market, as demonstrated by the allocation of frequencies to C.N. 99. As to AGCOM’s decision to confirm the replacement of the original bidding process with the fee-based procedure, the Government argued that it fell within the powers of the legislature to give AGCOM specific economic objectives to pursue in the allocation of use rights over frequencies. …

… Third, it must confer a on the recipient. …

… is to aim at a high level of , taking into account the diversity of situations in the various regions of the European Union. …

… Legal context European Union law The FEU Treaty 3 Article 191(2) TFEU is worded as follows: ‘Union policy on the shall aim at a high level of taking into account the diversity of situations in the various regions of the [European] Union. It shall be based on the precautionary principle and on the principles that preventive action should be taken, that environmental damage should as a priority be rectified at source and that the polluter should pay. …

… Furthermore, it was difficult to exclude fully any choke effect, so that the Council may legitimately prefer not to limit excessively all the TACs, in particular because that had the of creating a major incentive for fishing more . Indeed, if fishers managed to reduce the catches of the limiting stock, they could fish more of the stocks with higher TACs. …

… In that regard, the abovementioned provision provides that ‘Union policy on the shall aim at a high level of taking into account the diversity of situations in the various regions of the Union’ and ‘it shall be based on the precautionary principle and on the principles that preventive action should be taken, that environmental damage should as a priority be rectified at source and that the polluter should pay’. 120 However, the case-law makes clear that, although the institutions …

… Finally, it was difficult to exclude fully any choke effect, so that the Council could legitimately prefer not to limit excessively all the TACs, in particular because this had the of creating a major incentive for fishing more . …

… In that regard, the abovementioned provision provides that ‘Union policy on the shall aim at a high level of taking into account the diversity of situations in the various regions of the Union’ and ‘it shall be based on the precautionary principle and on the principles that preventive action should be taken, that environmental damage should as a priority be rectified at source and that the polluter should pay’. 115 However, the case-law makes clear that, although the institutions …

… SAP can also be used in food-related industries, for example as refrigerant or freshness-keeping agents, and in household products, such as disposable heating packs or fragrance. In addition, SAP can be used in agriculture for water retention. …

… Logically, then, users, as profit-oriented companies, will balance the of the features of a certain type of SAP offered by several suppliers against the most cost-efficient sourcing. That is different from a situation where users are restricted from choosing the cheapest supplier due to quality or technical issues. …

… The use of SAP in disposable sanitary products is, however, by far the predominant use compared to other applications. 5 On 4 January 2021, the European Superabsorbent Polymer Coalition lodged a complaint with the European Commission pursuant to Article 5 of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on against dumped imports from countries not members of the European Union (OJ 2016 L 176, p. 21; ‘the basic regulation’), relating to dumping and …