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… provisions of EU law, it must, at the very least, conform to the of and . 81. …

… Article 28 of Law No 689/81, entitled ‘ ’, provides as follows: ‘The right to recover sums owed on account of infringements and offences referred to in this law shall be time-barred five years after the date on which the infringement or offence was committed. of the shall be governed by the provisions of the Civil Code.’ 2. The rules on consumer protection (a) The Consumer Code 29. …

… Given the extent of these preliminary activities, it seems to me, as it does to the Commission, that in many cases it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, for the AGCM to carry out these activities within a of just 90 days. The fact that the national rules do not allow for that to be or extended makes it even more difficult to take the necessary measures within the time set. 107. …

… the claim has arisen and becomes enforceable, and once the holder of the claim is, or could reasonably be, aware of the circumstances giving rise to the claim and the person against whom it may be brought.’ 7 Under Article 121-11 of that code: ‘The following shall constitute grounds for the : (a) the bringing of the action before the courts, even if it is dismissed on the basis of a procedural defect; (b) the initiation of arbitration proceedings relating to the claim …

… of such a finding subject to a limitation period, provided that the of and are observed (see, to that effect, judgment of 10 June 2021, BNP Paribas Personal Finance, C-776/19 to C-782/19, EU:C:2021:470, paragraph 39 and the case-law cited). 27 Accordingly, it should be held that the application of a limitation period to claims for restitution brought by consumers in order to enforce rights which they derive from Directive 93/13 is not, in itself, contrary to …

… Spanish law 5 Article 121-20 of Ley 29/2002, primera Ley del Código Civil de Cataluña (Law No 29/2002, First Law of the Civil Code of Catalonia) of 30 December 2002 (BOE No 32 of 6 February 2003; ‘the Catalan Civil Code’) provides: ‘Claims of any nature become time-barred after 10 years, unless someone has previously acquired rights by usucaption or this Code or specific legislation provides otherwise.’ 6 Article 121-23(1) of the Catalan Civil Code provides: ‘The begins to run once …

… This Article is without prejudice to the rights and obligations of national courts under Article 267 TFEU.’ 6 Article 10 of that directive, entitled ‘ ’, states: ‘1. Member States shall, in accordance with this Article, lay down rules applicable to for bringing actions for damages. Those rules shall determine when the begins to run, the duration thereof and the circumstances under which it is or suspended. 2. …

… of and were observed, that latter requiring that the rules applicable to actions for safeguarding rights which individuals derive from the direct effect of EU law do not make it in practice impossible or excessively difficult to exercise rights conferred by EU law (see, to that effect, judgments of 28 March 2019, Cogeco Communications, C-637/17, EU:C:2019:263, paragraphs 42 and 43, and of 22 June 2022, Volvo and DAF Trucks, C-267/20, EU:C:2022:494, paragraph 50 …

… Member States shall ensure that a is suspended or, depending on national law, , if a competition authority takes action for the purpose of the investigation or its proceedings in respect of an infringement of competition law to which the action for damages relates. …

… (4) Is a practice of a Member State compatible with the of , and fiscal neutrality where, pursuant to that practice, a claim submitted after the expiry of the is declared time-barred without examining whether admissible circumstances exist which may have suspended or the , especially in view of the fact that the first claim was submitted by the applicant in 2014, and also that, even though during the limitation period …

… It follows from the answer to the second question, set out in paragraph 42 above, that the of , and fiscal neutrality preclude such a claim from being classified as a new claim and, consequently, from being time-barred. …

… (3) Having regard to the of , and fiscal neutrality[,] should a subsequent claim submitted in the context of an administrative procedure relating to tax, on the basis of the case-law established by the courts, be regarded as constituting a supplement to the first claim, which gave rise to the procedure being initiated, or as a modification of that first claim, where the two claims only differ as regards the interest payment ? …

… . …’ 14 Article 116 of the ZZD states: ‘The stops running: (a) when the debtor recognises the debt; (b) by the bringing of an action or the lodging of an objection or a request for conciliation; if the action, objection or request for conciliation is not granted, the is deemed to have not been suspended; (c) by adopting enforcement proceedings. …’ 15 Article 117 of the ZZD is worded as follows: ‘From the of the , a new limitation period …

… of and (see, to that effect, order of 3 March 2021, FGSZ, C-507/20, EU:C:2021:157, paragraph 23 and the case-law cited). 50 With regard to, more specifically, the principle of effectiveness, it may be deduced from the case-law of the Court that a limitation period which began to run from the date of issue of the initial invoices and expired, for certain transactions, before the application for set off was submitted cannot validly preclude the exercise of the right to reduce …

… of and (see, by analogy, judgment of 13 October 2022, HUMDA, C-397/21, EU:C:2022:790, paragraph 45). 86 Accordingly, it is for the referring court to determine, in the light of those principles and all the particular circumstances of the dispute before it, whether, in the present case, it is necessary to pay a refund arising from the reduction in the taxable amount of VAT and, in so far as it finds that that refund was not paid within a reasonable period of time, the point …

… In that regard, the referring court states, first, that, unlike the five-year laid down by the Spanish Civil Code, the is extended to 10 years within the territorial scope of the Catalan Civil Code and, second, that the bringing of an action is favoured in the national legal system, in so far as a mere out-of-court claim constitutes a ground for of the and causes the entire period to start running afresh. 38 In those circumstances …

… has previously held that Article 6(1) and Article 7(1) of that directive do not preclude national legislation which, while providing that an action for a declaration of nullity of an unfair term in a contract concluded between a seller or supplier and a consumer is not subject to a time limit, subjects the action to enforce the restitutory of that finding to a limitation period, provided that the of and are observed (judgment of 10 June 2021, BNP Paribas …

… once the claim has arisen and becomes enforceable, and once the holder of the claim is, or could reasonably be, aware of the circumstances giving rise to the claim and the person against whom it may be brought.’ 8 Under Article 121-11 of that code: ‘The following shall constitute grounds for the : (a) the bringing of the action before the courts, even if it is dismissed on the basis of a procedural defect; (b) the initiation of arbitration proceedings relating to the …

… The powers of the [European] Commission to recover aid shall be subject to a of 10 years. 2. The shall begin on the day on which the unlawful aid is awarded to the beneficiary either as individual aid or as aid under an aid scheme. Any action taken by the Commission or by a Member State, acting at the request of the Commission, with regard to the unlawful aid shall the . Each shall start time running afresh. …

… The shall be suspended for as long as the decision of the Commission is the subject of proceedings pending before the Court of Justice of the European Union. 3. …

… In that context, the limitation rules that might be applicable are, therefore, those of national law, subject to the of and (see, to that effect, judgment of 23 January 2019, Fallimento Traghetti del Mediterraneo, C-387/17, EU:C:2019:51, paragraph 73). 20 As regards the arguments of the recipient undertaking, České dráhy, which claims that, in the case of existing aid, which falls within the scope of Article 108(1) TFEU, the national courts do not have the power …

… The Bundesnetzagentur pointed out that there are general but that they do not apply to this matter. 27 If necessary, it may examine whether any ground for suspension or of the applied. 28 In this context, a ‘complaint’ is equivalent to a claim. 29 Judgment in Koleje Mazowieckie, paragraph 58. …

… Member States must comply, in all cases, with the of and . (25) 37. However, according to information furnished at the hearing, German law does not appear to provide for those temporal limitations in a specific way for railway infrastructure charges. (26) 38. …

… It is the latter which must choose to: (a) grant enforcement powers to regulatory authorities to order repayment of charges, powers which may co-exist with those of the civil courts; or (b) limit the pursuit of an action for repayment to the civil courts alone, on condition that the criteria laid down in the judgment in CTL Logistics are fulfilled and proceedings comply with the of and . 76. …

… for criminal liability. …

… for criminal liability. …

… from 25 June 2018 to 30 May 2022, Romanian law did not provide for any ground for the for criminal liability. …

… The shall be by any act of the competent authority, notified to the person in question, relating to investigation or legal proceedings concerning the irregularity. The shall start again following each act. …

… The for proceedings shall be four years as from the time when the irregularity referred to in Article 1(1) was committed. … In the case of continuous or repeated irregularities, the shall run from the day on which the irregularity ceases. In the case of multiannual programmes, the shall in any case run until the programme is definitively terminated. …

… of tax authorities to assess VAT due, including the procedures for suspension and/or of that (see, by analogy, judgment of 21 January 2021, Whiteland Import Export, C-308/19, EU:C:2021:47, paragraph 45). 35 However, while establishing and applying those rules falls within the competence of the Member States, the Member States must exercise that competence in a manner consistent with EU law, which requires reasonable time limits to be laid down which protect both the …