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… Therefore, the Court does not have jurisdiction to interpret of the in the present cases. B. The admissibility of the requests for a preliminary ruling 30. …

… upon to rule on questions concerning the application or interpretation of EU law are in a position to ensure such effective judicial protection, maintaining their is essential, as confirmed by the second paragraph of of the , which refers to access to an ‘’ tribunal as one of the requirements linked to the fundamental right to an effective remedy. (41) 59. …

… In the absence of sufficient safeguards securing the of judges within the judiciary and, in particular, vis-à-vis their judicial superiors, it is reasonable to have doubts as to the and of the court. (46) 65. …

… 194(36) of that law). …

… to behave to an appreciable extent of its competitors, its customers and, ultimately, of the consumers. …

… The main purpose of that licence was to ensure that customers were supplied with continuous, reliable and high-quality gas (see 51(2)(1) and 70(1) and (2)(1) of the Bulgarian Law on Energy). 20 The requirements imposed on the licensee, in this case Bulgargaz, were binding on it (see 40(1) and 45(8) of the Bulgarian Law on Energy). …

… That court refers, in that regard, to 9(2) and (3) of Directive 2013/32 and 21(1) of Directive 2011/95, to which I consider it appropriate to add 78(2) TFEU and 18 and 19(2) of the . 37. …

… of non-refoulement which is guaranteed, as a fundamental right, in the same of the , read in conjunction with 33 of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, (10) as supplemented by the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (11) (‘the Geneva Convention’), and 19(2) of the . (12) II. …

… The right to asylum is guaranteed on the basis of the principle of non-refoulement enshrined in 33(1) of the Geneva Convention. In EU law, that principle is guaranteed, as a fundamental right, in 18 of the , read in conjunction with 33 of the Geneva Convention, and in 19(2) of the . (24) The Member States are also required to respect that principle under 21(1) of Directive 2011/95. …

… JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Second Chamber) 18 October 2023 (*) (Environment - Genetically modified products - Genetically modified maize containing, consisting of or produced from MON 87427 × MON 87460 × MON 89034 × MIR162 × NK603 and its subcombinations - Rejection of an application for internal review of an authorisation for placing on the market - Manifest error of assessment - 10 of Regulation (EC) No 1367/2006 - 4 to 6 and 16 to 18 of Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 - …

… for annulment brought pursuant to 12 of Regulation No 1367/2006 against a decision of the Commission concerning a request for internal review adopted pursuant to 10 of that regulation does not differ from the scope of the judicial review which the General Court carries out on the merits of the grounds of decisions directly challenged on the basis of 263(2) and (4) TFEU (see, to that effect, judgment of 15 December 2016, TestBioTech and Others v Commission, T-177/13, not published …

… Indeed, the Beres et al (2018) study was initiated on the basis of observations made in over 10 weedy species in relation to which researchers discovered that, under exposure to high amounts of glyphosate, the plants acquired glyphosate resistance by overproducing the EPSPS gene, making as many as 100 additional copies of the EPSPS gene in response to high levels of glyphosate. …

… These guarantees include the duty of the competent institution to examine, carefully and , all the relevant elements of the individual case and to give an adequate statement of the reasons for its decision. …

… It also became aware of the three studies published by EFSA in 2013, 2016 and 2017 only when it was too late, by the reference made to those studies in the study of 14 May 2020. 231 According to 41(2)(a) of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, the right to good administration and respect for the rights of the defence include the right of every person to be heard before any individual measure which would affect him or her adversely is taken. …

… 4(2) and (3) of Regulation No 1107/2009 provides as follows: ‘2. …

… as regards that State so that it may actually act in a capacity representing general and collective interests of importers or exporters and not as a front for that State. 67 That of representative associations referred to by the basic regulation reflects the afforded to associations under the freedom of association defined in 12 of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, in that that affords to associations the right to pursue their activities …

… within the meaning of 19, and is used in the investigation. …

… .’ 7 3 of that regulation, entitled ‘Determination of injury’, states: ‘1. …

… JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Fourth Chamber) 20 September 2023 (*) (Civil service - Temporary staff - Staff of the FRA - Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union - Loss of nationality of a Member State - Contract for an indefinite period - Termination of the contract - (c)(ii) of the CEOS - Application for an exception to the condition of engagement laid down in 12(2)(a) of the CEOS - Refusal to grant an exception - Right to be heard - Principle of …

… his contract under (c)(ii) of the CEOS (‘the contested decision’) and, second, compensation for the non-material damage that he claims to have suffered due to negligence and the adoption of that decision. …

… In addition, the two deputy accounting officers were, it is alleged, part of the corporate services and therefore did not meet the requirements of within the meaning of 50(1) of the FRA Financial Rules. …

… in Associação Sindical dos Juízes Portugueses, (50) the Court expressly linked the ‘’ criterion in 19 TEU, of the and 267 TFEU. …

… (assessing the development of the concept of ‘’ under 267 TFEU and the spill-over effects from the case-law on 19(1) TEU and of the ). 52 See, for example, Reyns, C., ‘Saving judicial : a threat to the preliminary ruling mechanism?’ …

… Advocate General Szpunar has suggested that the ‘scope of Union law’ referred to in 16(2) TFEU should go beyond the cases of ‘implementing Union law’ within the meaning of 51(1) of the . (82) I agree. It is precisely because the is not meant to increase the scope of the Union’s competences that an express competence to regulate privacy and data protection was included in the text of the Treaty. …

… He adds that, in any event, the evidence is unreliable, contradictory and not credible. 31 The Council disputes the merits of this plea. 32 According to settled case-law, the right to effective judicial protection, affirmed in (3) of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’), requires that the person concerned must be able to ascertain the reasons upon which the decision taken in relation to him or her is based, either by reading the decision itself or by requesting …

… of the requires, inter alia, that the Courts of the European Union are to ensure that the decision by which restrictive measures were adopted or maintained, which affects the person or entity concerned individually, is taken on a sufficiently solid factual basis. …

… Background to the dispute 2 The applicant is a businessperson of Russian nationality. 3 On 17 March 2014, the Council of the European Union adopted, on the basis of 29 TEU, Decision 2014/145/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in respect of actions undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty and of Ukraine (OJ 2014 L 78, p. 16). 4 On the same date, the Council adopted, on the basis of 215(2) TFEU, Regulation (EU) No 269/2014 concerning restrictive …

… (2) Can the principle of judicial , enshrined in the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU and of [the ], as well as in the case-law of [the Court of Justice], with reference to 2 TEU, be interpreted as also applying to procedures for the promotion of judges in office? …

… 19(1) TEU, read in conjunction with 2 TEU and of the , must be interpreted as meaning that a piece of national legislation relating to the scheme for the promotion of judges is required to ensure compliance with the principle of the of judges. …

… to ensure the effective judicial protection thus required under the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, maintaining its and is essential, as is confirmed by the second paragraph of of the , which refers to access to an ‘’ tribunal as one of the requirements linked to the fundamental right to an effective remedy (judgment of 29 March 2022, Getin Noble Bank, C-132/20, EU:C:2022:235, paragraph 93 and the case-law cited). 62 As the Court has …