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… of the principles of and neutrality, laid down in 41 of the . …

… However, those arguments, which, moreover, have been rejected in paragraphs 59 and 78 above, do not establish that the applicant did not have access to an effective remedy before an and tribunal. 81 In those circumstances, the head of illegality alleging a sufficiently serious breach of the principle of the of national courts and of the right to an effective remedy, laid down in of the , must be rejected. …

… parties, and are to respect the of national courts. 54 Accordingly, it is the procedural safeguards provided for under national law that are applicable in the context of the national proceedings in question; that law is deemed to comply with 19 TEU and of the . …

… Procedural limb of 2 of the Convention (a) The parties’ submissions (i) The applicants (ii) The Government (b) The Court’s assessment (i) General case-law principles (ii) Application of the above principles to the circumstances of the present cases (α) Adequacy of the investigation (β) Promptness and reasonable expedition (γ) Involvement of the victims or their next of kin and public scrutiny (δ) (ε) (στ) Conclusion IV. …

… Alleged violation of 8 of the Convention in respect of Ms Vyacheslavova (application no. 39553/16) A. Admissibility B. Merits V. Other alleged violations of the Convention A. Complaint under 3 of the Convention B. Complaint under 6 of the Convention VI. Application of 41 of the Convention A. Damage B. Costs and expenses APPENDIX I APPENDIX II In the case of Vyacheslavova and Others v. …

… Many interlocutors, from different sides and for different reasons, have expressed their doubt that the authorities will investigate the events and transparently. In that context, a noteworthy investigation has been established by civil society. …

… , that of . (14) . …

… Moreover, the Commission considered that the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court) did not satisfy the requirement of an and tribunal previously established by law, within the meaning of the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, read together with of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’). …

… By its third complaint, the Commission criticises the Republic of Poland for failing to comply with the requirements of the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU and of the . Those requirements concern the , and legality of the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court). 97. …

… 19(1) TEU, read in conjunction with of the . …

… According to the Explanations relating to the of Fundamental Rights (OJ 2007 C 303, p. 17), the second paragraph of of the corresponds to 6(1) ECHR. …

… 19(1) TEU. 44 It follows that the Court has jurisdiction to rule on requests for a preliminary ruling, but not to interpret of the as such. …

… cited). 40 That is not the case here. 41 That said, of the must nevertheless be taken into consideration when interpreting the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU. …

… The 4 Under the first and second paragraphs of of the : ‘Everyone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this . …

… (Modification of the formation of the court), C-197/23, EU:C:2024:956, paragraph 66). 55 It follows that the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, read in the light of of the , requires that compliance with the rules of national law relating to the allocation of cases may be subject to judicial review in order to determine whether the formation of the court or tribunal to which a given case has been allocated constitutes an and tribunal previously established …

… appellant as a third party - Requirement of - Legal consequences of non-compliance with that requirement - No possibility of rectifying the application and inadmissibility of the action - of Fundamental Rights of the European Union - - Right to effective judicial protection - 52(1) - Limitation provided for by law) I. …

… In my view, the rule applied by the General Court, according to which an application cannot be rectified and the action is to be dismissed as manifestly inadmissible if the applicant’s representative does not have the requisite from the applicant, infringes the first and second paragraphs of and 52(1) of the . A. …

… The third ground of appeal, alleging a disproportionate limitation on the right of access to the courts, contrary to first and second paragraphs of and to 52(1) of the 79. The third ground of appeal concerns, in essence, the compatibility with the of the legal consequences of non-compliance with the requirement that the lawyer providing legal representation before the EU courts be . 1. Arguments of the parties 80. …

… Provisional text JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Grand Chamber) 25 February 2025 (*) (References for a preliminary ruling - Freezing or reduction of remuneration in the national public administration - Measures specifically aimed at judges - 2 TEU - 19(1), second subparagraph, TEU - of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union - Obligations on Member States to provide remedies sufficient to ensure effective judicial protection - Principle of judicial - …

… (2) Are the provisions of the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, as well as those of of the , which covers, inter alia, the of the judiciary, to be interpreted as permitting the Member States to introduce, by means of national legislation, rules which set the remuneration of judges below the remuneration or fees set by the State in respect of members of other legal professions?’ …

… (1) of the (judgment of 22 February 2022, RS (Effect of the decisions of a constitutional court), C-430/21, EU:C:2022:99, paragraph 34 and the case-law cited). 42 However, it is not apparent from the request for a preliminary ruling that SR and RB satisfy either of those conditions. 43 Consequently, in accordance with 51(1) of the , thereof is not, as such, applicable in Case C-374/23. …

… The applicants argued, inter alia, that the NTRC’s decision had not complied with the requirements of 32 of the Broadcasting Law; nor had it complied with 4.7 of the Rules for a competition for a special permit (licence) in the field of television and radio broadcasting, which had been issued by the NTRC (“the Licensing Rules”). …

… It also appears that they were provided with Golden Prince LLC’s and the documents submitted by it with its bid. 27. By a judgment of 28 March 2011 the Baku Court of Appeal dismissed the applicants’ appeals after examining them together, finding that the NTRC’s decision was lawful. …

… STRASBOURG 18 February 2025 This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision. In the case of Objective Television and Radio Broadcasting Company and Others v. …

… The Bulgarian Government adds that this is because the CAP provides for other remedies (specifically, 60(5)) against that order which include an assessment of its lawfulness. (24) 2. The first paragraph of of the and interim judicial protection 63. The first paragraph of of the lays down the right to an effective remedy, reflecting in that wording the case-law of the Court preceding the . (25) 64. …

… and limits the scope of judicial review only to the existence of damage suffered, constitutes an effective remedy in the light of of the .’ (19) 56. …

… This must be entrusted to national courts in accordance with the rules of procedure adopted by each State, provided that they do not conflict with of the . 66. …

… On 5 May 2022 she was charged under 207.3 § 2 (e) of the Criminal Code for dissemination of false information for reasons of “political hate” and remanded in pre-trial detention. . On 30 August 2023 the Kirovskiy District Court of St Petersburg found her guilty as charged and sentenced her to six years’ imprisonment, with an additional four-year prohibition on administering web pages. On 20 March 2024 the St Petersburg City Court upheld the conviction on appeal. …

… OVD-Info, a Russian human-rights monitor and media project, has tracked criminal and administrative convictions for anti-war expression since the first day of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. As of May 2024, when the most recent tally was published, 935 criminal cases had been instituted in connection with anti-war statements, including 296 cases under 207.3 of the Criminal Code. …

… In May 2022 the RKN charged Novaya Gazeta with disseminating “fake news”, an offence under 13.15(9) of the CAO. …