… is essential, as confirmed by the second paragraph of
Article
47
of the
Charter
, which refers to access to an ‘
independent
’ tribunal as one of the requirements linked to the fundamental right to an effective remedy (judgment of 18 May 2021, Asociaţia ‘Forumul Judecătorilor din România’and Others, C-83/19, C-127/19, C-195/19, C-291/19, C-355/19 and C-397/19, EU:C:2021:393, paragraph 194 and the case-law cited).
46 The requirement that courts be
independent
, which follows from the second subparagraph …
… Rules which define, in particular, both conduct amounting to disciplinary offences and the penalties actually applicable, provide for the involvement of an
independent
body in accordance with a procedure which fully safeguards the rights enshrined in
Articles
47
and 48 of the
Charter
, in particular the rights of the defence, and lay down the possibility of bringing legal proceedings challenging the disciplinary bodies’ decisions constitute a set of guarantees that are essential for safeguarding the …
… The principle of the effective judicial protection of individuals’ rights under EU law, referred to in the second subparagraph of
Article
19(1) TEU, is a general principle of EU law stemming from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, which has been enshrined in
Articles
6 and 13 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed in Rome on 4 November 1950, and is now reaffirmed in
Article
47
of the
Charter
of Fundamental Rights of the European …