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… May associations of judges and prosecutors established with the object of promoting an , and efficient judicial system (2) rely on 2 and 19(1) TEU, read in the light of 12 and of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’), to establish their locus standi to bring an action in furtherance of those aims before a national court? Legal framework - national legislation 2. …

… That latter provision must therefore be taken into consideration when interpreting the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU. (23) Under of the , everyone whose rights guaranteed by EU law are violated is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an and tribunal previously established by law. (24) 29. …

… The referring court asks, in essence, whether 2 and 19(1) TEU, read in the light of 12 and of the , preclude national rules on locus standi that require associations of judges to demonstrate that they have a legitimate private interest (19) in actions seeking to annul acts that they allege are incompatible with judicial and the rule of law. (20) 25. …

… 4 of the . 33. …

… nationals such as QY would face a real risk of being subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment, within the meaning of 4 of the . 40. …

… . According to the first sentence of 78(1) TFEU, the European Union is to develop a common policy on asylum, subsidiary protection and temporary protection. For this purpose, the European Parliament and the Council are to adopt, pursuant to 78(2)(a) and (b) TFEU, measures for a CEAS. …

… In paragraph 73 of that judgment, the Court interpreted the expression ‘ review body’, within the meaning of the second subparagraph of 2a(2) of Directive 89/665, as referring to an and tribunal previously established by law, within the meaning of of the . …

… In that context, observance of the right of such a tenderer to effective judicial protection requires that the body ruling on the lawfulness of the exclusion of that tenderer be an and tribunal previously established by law, within the meaning of of the . 68 However, those considerations do not apply with respect to the review body of first instance referred to in Article 2(3) of Directive 89/665. …

… However, that latter body cannot be considered to be a court or tribunal. 30 Consequently, if, as is apparent from the judgment of 21 December 2021, Randstad Italia (C-497/20, EU:C:2021:1037, paragraph 73), it should be held that the review body, under 2(3) or 2a(2) of Directive 89/665, must be a court or tribunal for the purposes of of the , the Czech legislation which allows a public contract to be concluded immediately after the decision of the President …

… 88 and 91(b) of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court. 25 By order of 30 January 2023, the General Court ordered the Commission, on the basis of the first paragraph of 24 of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union and 91(b), 92(3) and 103 of the Rules of Procedure, to produce the full version of the draft presentation for the decision on the application for approval of carbendazim for use in TP 7 and TP 10 attached to the email from …

… 28 of Directive 98/8 (‘the standing committee’), the question was discussed whether the contested draft regulation should provide for restrictions on the use of biocidal products and treated containing carbendazim. …

… specifications and conditions relating to the authorisation of biocidal products and treated were met. …

… For the purpose of applying and complying with the principle of non-refoulement under 21(1) of Directive 2011/95, in conjunction with 19 of the [ of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (“the ”)], does the personal situation of an applicant for international protection come within the scope of the interpretation given in … the judgment of 19 March 2019, Jawo (C-163/17, EU:C:2019:218) concerning extreme material poverty under 4 of the [], in the light …

… 2013/32/EU - 40 - Subsequent application for international protection - Obligation to reassess elements relating to that general situation which were already examined - 19(2) of the - Principle of non-refoulement) I. …

… The information provided in the case file before the Court indicates that the DAB rejected their first applications due to their failure to meet the general criteria necessary in order to obtain refugee status, as set out under that directive and, in particular, 5(1) and 6 thereof. That rejection was, thus, not founded on the lex specialis contained in that 12(1)(a). . …

… Each Party shall, within the framework of its national legislation, ensure that members of the public concerned: (a) having a sufficient interest or, alternatively, (b) maintaining impairment of a right, where the administrative procedural law of a Party requires this as a precondition, have access to a review procedure before a court of law and/or another and body established by law, to challenge the substantive and procedural legality of any decision, act or omission subject …

… Furthermore, that court states that it is not certain that Articles 451 to 453 of the Code of Civil Procedure contain sufficient criteria to enable a person governed by private law to assess and predict the high costs of litigation. 34 In those circumstances, the Curtea de Apel Târgu-Mureş (Court of Appeal, Târgu-Mureş) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling: ‘(1) Are [the first paragraph of Article of the of …

… to the provisions of 6 and, where so provided for under national law and without prejudice to paragraph 3 below, of other relevant provisions of this Convention. …

… 2, 6(1) and (3), and the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, read in conjunction with of the [] and 267 TFEU, be interpreted as meaning that a court of last instance of a Member State (the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court)) whose composition includes persons appointed to the post of judge in breach of the fundamental rules of law of the Member State applicable to judicial appointments to the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) is not an , tribunal …

… Van Nuffel, acting as Agents, having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to rule by reasoned order, pursuant to 53(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice, makes the following Order 1 This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of 2, 6(1) and (3) and the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, read in combination with 267 TFEU and of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’). 2 The …

… (2) Must Article 2, Article 6(1) and (3), and the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, read in conjunction with Article of the [] and Article 267 TFEU, be interpreted as precluding the application of national laws such as Article 29(2) and (3), Article 26(3), and Article 72(1), (2) and (3) of [the Law on the Supreme Court], in so far as those laws prohibit judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court), on pain of the disciplinary penalty of dismissal, from determining or assessing the …

… Van Nuffel, acting as Agents, after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 15 December 2022, gives the following Judgment 1 These requests for a preliminary ruling concern the interpretation of 2, 6(1) to (3) and the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, read in combination with of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’). 2 The requests have been made, in Case C-181/21, in proceedings between a private company and …

… body and no representatives of the judiciary were elected to it of the executive and the legislature, and therefore no motion for appointment to the post of judge was effectively lodged as required under national law; - the participants in the competition for appointment to the post had no right of appeal to a court within the meaning of 2 and 19(1) TEU and 6(1) to (3) TEU, read in conjunction with of the ; (b) where a court includes in its composition …

… 2 and 19(1) [TEU] and 6(1) to (3) TEU, read in conjunction with of the [], be interpreted as meaning that: (a) where a court includes in its composition a person appointed to a judicial post in that court as a result of a procedure which does not provide for the participation of judicial self-governing bodies, which bodies are appointed largely of the executive and the legislature, in a situation where, in the light of the constitutional acquis of the Member …

… Consideration of the fifth question: possible justification for rules on the prior approval of competitions and on the participation of clubs and of sportspersons in those competitions (a) Consideration of the possibility of finding certain specific conduct not to come within the scope of 101(1) and 102 TFEU (b) The exemption under 101(3) TFEU (c) Objective justification under 102 TFEU 5. …

… 165 TFEU B. Consideration of the first to fifth questions: the competition rules 1. …

… 101(1) TFEU - Decision by an association of undertakings adversely affecting competition - Concepts of anticompetitive ‘object’ and ‘effect’ - Exemption under 101(3) TFEU - Conditions - 102 TFEU - Abuse of dominant position - Justification - Conditions - 56 TFEU - Restrictions on the freedom to provide services - Justification - Conditions - Burden of proof) In Case C-333/21, REQUEST for a preliminary ruling under 267 TFEU from the Juzgado de lo Mercantil de Madrid …

… of 19(1) TEU, read in the light of the second paragraph of of the . …

… and tribunal previously established by law, for the purposes of the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, read in the light of the second paragraph of of the , and, consequently, that that panel of judges does not satisfy the requirements set out in paragraph 40 above in order to be classified as a ‘court or tribunal’ within the meaning of 267 TFEU. In the first place, as regards the judgment in Dolińska-Ficek and Ozimek v. …

… and tribunal previously established by law for the purposes of the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, read in the light of the second paragraph of of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’) (judgment of 29 March 2022, Getin Noble Bank, C-132/20, EU:C:2022:235, paragraph 72). 45 In that regard, it should be noted at the outset that the judgment in Dolińska-Ficek and Ozimek v. …