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… Legal context European Union law 3 of the provides as follows: ‘Everyone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this . Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an and tribunal previously established by law. …

… of the provides that everyone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in that provision, which means that everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an and tribunal previously established by law. 39 The obligation imposed on the Member States in the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, to provide …

… of the . 27 In those circumstances, the Fővárosi Törvényszék (Budapest High Court) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling: ‘(1) Does the beneficiary of a grant have the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal, established in of the [], vis-à-vis an enforceable declaration by the managing authority requiring the beneficiary to repay the EU grant that has been paid? …

… In Inspektorat kam Visshia sadeben savet (30 April 2025, C‑313/23, C‑316/23, C-332/23, EU:C:2025:303), the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter the CJEU) held, inter alia, that 19 of the Treaty on the EU, read in conjunction with of the of Fundamental Rights of the EU, must be interpreted as meaning that the principle of judicial precludes a practice under which the members of a judicial body who are competent notably to investigate the activity …

… 87 Judicial “1. Justice is delivered by courts composed of permanent judges who enjoy personal and functional ... ...” 88 Guarantees of of members of the judiciary, remuneration and secondments “1. Members of the judiciary are appointed by Presidential Decree, in accordance with a law which provides for the qualifications and the selection procedure, and are permanent. 2. …

… The status of all members of the judiciary, including prosecutors, was, at the relevant time, regulated in a uniform way by Law No. 1756/1988 (see also paragraph 36 above) regarding appointment ( 34-39), rights ( 43-), transfers and secondments ( 49-52), seniority and precedence ( 54-55), suspension ( 56‑57) and termination of career ( 58-60), all members of the judiciary being permanent ( 53) and their supervision ( 80-88) and disciplinary …

… At this juncture, I hardly need to emphasise the importance of the requirement, within the EU legal system, that courts interpreting and applying EU law be . (27) That requirement arises, in particular, from 2 TEU, 19(1) TEU and of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’). It is also implicit in 267 TFEU. 57. …

… In particular, the Court has held that such systems must provide for ‘rules which define, in particular, both conduct amounting to disciplinary offences and the penalties actually applicable, rules which provide for the involvement of an independent body in accordance with a procedure which fully safeguards the rights enshrined in and 48 of the , especially the rights of the defence, and rules which lay down the possibility of bringing legal proceedings challenging the disciplinary …

… It is obvious that the recognition of the principle of personal liability of judges for judicial errors entails certain risks with regard to the judges’ and . (28) Ill-designed liability systems may threaten - or, at the very least, raise in the eyes of the public a suspicion that they may threaten - the equanimity and integrity of judicial decision-making. …

… Certain Ukrainian authorities question whether, despite those changes, the UOC can be considered fully from the Moscow Patriarchate.[9] RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE Relevant domestic law 35. …

… members had been unlawfully blocked inside the church (under 293 of the Criminal Code: serious disturbance of public order). …

… Mr Baran referred to the decisions taken on 1 April 2019 (see paragraph 31 above) and stressed that the renamed community did not support the application. . In view of this, the Government asked the Court to strike the application out of the Court’s list of cases under Article 37 § 1 (a) of the Convention. Article 37 of the Convention reads as follows: “1. …

… and in 9(1) of Regulation No 883/2013. …

… (b) Infringement of the right to good administration under 41 of the and 10(5) of Regulation No 883/2013 123 The applicant submits that OLAF blatantly infringed the right to good administration provided for in 41 of the . …

… It entails that the EU administration must act with care and caution (judgments of 16 December 2008, Masdar (UK) v Commission, C-/07 P, EU:C:2008:726, paragraphs 92 and 93, and of 30 April 2019, UPF v Commission, T-747/17, EU:T:2019:271, paragraph 160). 128 It must also be borne in mind that 10(5) of Regulation No 883/2013 provides that the Director-General of OLAF is to ensure that any information provided to the public is given neutrally and , and that disclosure thereof respects …

… 41(1) of the and from point 42 of the Notice on the handling of complaints. 49 It must be recalled that 41 of the , entitled ‘Right to good administration’, provides, in paragraph 1 thereof, that ‘every person has the right to have his or her affairs handled , fairly and within a reasonable time by the institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the Union.’ 50 It is apparent from the case-law relating to the principle of good administration that, where the institutions …

… In the first part, the applicant submits that the Commission failed to take meaningful investigative measures, in breach of the right to good administration, as enshrined in 41(1) of the . In the second part, the applicant alleges breach of the right to be heard and of the right of access to the file concerning it, as enshrined in 41(2)(a) and (b) of the . 14 It is appropriate to begin by examining the second part of the present plea. …

… The second part of the first plea in law, alleging breach of the right to be heard and of the right of access to the file 15 The applicant submits that the Commission infringed 41(2)(a) and (b) of the , 8(1) of Regulation No 773/2004 and point 69 of the Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under [101] and [102 TFEU] (OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65; ‘the Notice on the handling of complaints’) by refusing it access to the documents on which the Commission …

… By the second part of the plea, the applicant argues that the administrative investigation was not conducted , in breach of 41(1) of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’) and 13 of Decision No 6/2021. …

… It cannot therefore be ruled out that, without the irregularities referred to, the appointing authority would not have initiated disciplinary proceedings or imposed a warning. 27 It is appropriate to begin by examining the second part of the first plea, alleging that the administrative investigation was not conducted , in breach of 41(1) of the and 13 of Decision No 6/2021. …

… that decision by a procedural defect of lack of . …

… of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’). …

… In so far as the actions which she took, namely the alleged undue access, were intended only to ensure the justice, transparency and fairness provided for in of the , her transfer to another post, she argues, cannot serve the interests of the service. …

… of the , it must be found that that argument is, in reality, closely linked to the challenge of the merits of investigation OC/2022/0394/A1, which is currently ongoing, and, accordingly, is inadmissible in the absence of a definitive measure having an adverse effect, in the same way that the present action is inadmissible in so far as it is directed against the decision dismissing the irregularities vitiating investigation OC/2022/0394/A1. 104 In addition, as regards the applicant’s argument …

… Such an interpretation hampers practically all economic activity in Syria and constitutes a disproportionate restriction on the right to conduct a business and the right to property guaranteed by 16 and 17 of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’). …

… of the requires inter alia that the Courts of the European Union ensure that the decision by way of which restrictive measures were adopted or maintained, which affects the person or entity concerned individually, was taken on a sufficiently solid factual basis. …

… In other words, the maintenance of the applicant’s name on the lists at issue is based on the second criterion (criterion of association with the Syrian regime) and the third criterion (criterion of association with a person or entity subject to restrictive measures) laid down in 28(1) of Decision 2013/255 and 15(1)(a) of Regulation No 36/2012. In that regard, it should be borne in mind that failure to refer to a precise provision need not necessarily constitute an infringement …

… The first plea alleges infringement of 10(1) of Directive 2001/83, 14(11) of Regulation No 726/2004, manifest error of assessment and an inadequate statement of reasons. The second plea alleges infringement of the principle of good administration, as laid down in 41 of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’). The third plea concerns the withdrawal of Nexviadyme’s designation as an orphan medicinal product. …

… That is the case with regard to the concept of ‘NAS’. 122 In the present case, the application for the recognition of NAS status for avalglucosidase alfa was made in the context of a full and MA application, as provided for in 8(3) of Directive 2001/83, for Nexviadyme, pursuant to Article 3(1) of Regulation No 726/2004, point 4 of Annex I to that regulation and on the basis of Annex I to the Notice to Applicants. …

… Under 10(2) of that regulation, read in conjunction with 87 thereof, the Commission is then to take a final decision after obtaining the opinion of the Standing Committee on Medicinal Products for Human Use. …