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… purposes of 2, point (2)(c) of the DMA; - Messenger constituted a NIICS, within the meaning of 2, point (9) of the DMA, which was distinct from and of the online social networking service Facebook and thus a CPS for the purposes of 2, point (2)(e) of the DMA; - Marketplace constituted an OIS within the meaning of 2, point (5) of the DMA, which was distinct from the online social networking service Facebook, and, consequently, a CPS for the purposes of …

… It also submitted arguments and evidence under the first subparagraph of 3(5) of the DMA, seeking, as relevant, to rebut the presumptions provided for in 3(2) of the DMA as regards Messenger and Marketplace. 4 By letter of 26 July 2023, the Commission informed the applicant of its preliminary view on the possible designation of Meta as a gatekeeper, pursuant to 3(4) of the DMA, for, inter alia, the following CPSs: its online social networking service Facebook, its number- …

… JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Eighth Chamber, sitting with five Judges) 3 June 2026 (*) (Digital services - Regulation EU 2022/1925 - Designation of gatekeepers - Concept of ‘core platform service’ - Online social networking service - Number- interpersonal communications service - Online intermediation service - Equal treatment - 3(2) and (5) of Regulation 2022/1925 - Important gateway for business users to reach end users - Presumptions - Rebuttal of the presumptions - …

… European Union Law and Practice European Union Law . The relevant provisions of the TFEU and of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union are reproduced in so far as relevant in N.D. and N.T. v. Spain [GC] (nos. 8675/15 and 8697/15, §§ 42‑43, 13 February 2020). 48. …

… Even though 6 of the Convention did not apply to migration and asylum matters under the Court’s case-law, when the issue arose in respect of a State that was both party to the Convention and an EU Member State, Article of the of Fundamental rights of the European Union applied to the interpretation of all its provisions, including those dealing with rights to asylum and migration policies. …

… The case Elliniko Symvoulio gia tous Prosfyges and Ypostirixi Prosfygon sto Aigaio, (C‑134/23 EU:C:2024:838, judgment of 4 October 2024) concerned a request for a preliminary ruling under 267 TFEU from the Greek Supreme Administrative Court on the interpretation of 38 of the Asylum Procedures Directive read in the light of 18 of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. …

… 159 “... …

… 140 “... Judges shall discharge their duties in accordance with the principles of the of the courts and the security of tenure of judges. ... any ... instances of incompetence requiring the dismissal [of judges and public prosecutors] from the profession ... and other matters relating to their staff status shall be regulated by law in accordance with the principles of the of the courts and the security of tenure of judges. …

… A description of international law and practice regarding judicial and the principle of irremovability of judges may be found, in so far as relevant, in Baka v. Hungary ([GC], no. 20261/12, §§ 72-87, 23 June 2016) and, more recently, in Grzęda v. Polan ([GC], no. 43572/18, §§ 120-44, 15 March 2022), Bilgen v. Turkey (no. 1571/07, §§ 32-39, 9 March 2021) and Eminağaoğlu (cited above, §§ 45-46). Council of Europe materials The European on the Statute for Judges 30. …

… Legal aid therefore guarantees the effectiveness of the right to judicial protection provided for in of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the Charter’), which is itself a condition for the implementation of the rule of law, a founding value of the European Union, enshrined in Article 2 TEU. 3. …

… Provisional text OPINION OF ADVOCATE GENERAL MEDINA delivered on 21 May 2026 (1) Case C-230/25 Mihail Mihaylov Stefanov Criminal proceedings other party to the proceedings Sofiyska apelativna prokuratura (Request for a preliminary ruling from the Apelativen sad - Sofia (Court of Appeal, Sofia, Bulgaria)) (Reference for a preliminary ruling - Area of freedom, security and justice - Judicial cooperation in criminal matters - Values and objectives of the European Union - Rule of law - Principles of …

… In that context, the appellant in the main proceedings applied for the recusal of the judges of the Sofiyski gradski sad (Sofia City Court), claiming that they were not . That application was rejected and the appellant in the main proceedings was convicted. 17. The appellant in the main proceedings lodged an appeal against that judgment before the referring court, whilst also applying for the recusal of the criminal judges who make up that court. 18. …

… Legal context European Union law The 3 11 of the , entitled ‘Freedom of expression and information’, provides, in paragraph 2: ‘The freedom and pluralism of the media shall be respected.’ 4 16 of the , entitled ‘Freedom to conduct a business’, provides: ‘The freedom to conduct a business in accordance with Union law and national laws and practices is recognised.’ 5 17 of the , entitled ‘Right to property’, is worded as follows, in paragraph 2: …

… Second, under the second paragraph of 252 TFEU, it is the duty of the Advocate General, acting with complete and , to make, in open court, reasoned submissions on cases which, in accordance with the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, require his or her involvement. The Court is not bound either by the Advocate General’s Opinion or by the reasoning which led thereto. …

… (3) Do the principles of freedom to conduct a business, referred to in 16 and 52 of the [], of free competition, referred to in 109 TFEU, and of proportionality, referred to in 52 of the [], preclude provisions of national legislation, such as those referred to above, which: (a) introduce rights to remuneration in addition to the exclusive rights referred to in 15 of [Directive 2019/790], the implementation of which is accompanied by the imposition, …

… The interveners highlighted that the procedural guarantees of of the of Fundamental Rights of the EU applied to all cases based on EU law, including those concerning the entry of foreigners’ details in the SIS (as regulated by Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the establishment, operation and use of the second generation Schengen Information System (SIS II)). …

… of the Constitution reads as follows: “Everyone shall have the right to legal protection of his private and family life, to his reputation and to make decisions about his personal life.” 26. 51 in its relevant parts reads as follows: “2. Public authorities shall not acquire, collect nor make accessible information about citizens other than that which is necessary in a democratic state ruled by law. 3. …

… In response, the applicant submitted that: (i) his application concerned the proceedings that had terminated with the Supreme Administrative Court’s judgment of 26 March 2018, to which the decision of 22 July 2019 was irrelevant, and (ii) a constitutional complaint was not an effective remedy in his case, notably because the Constitutional Court was no longer an and judicial authority and there were significant doubts as to the validity of its rulings. …

… 57 of that directive, entitled ‘Designation and of regulatory authorities’, provides, in paragraph 4: ‘Member States shall guarantee the of the regulatory authority and shall ensure that it exercises its powers and transparently. …

… 18 of that regulation, entitled ‘Charges for access to networks, use of networks and reinforcement’, is worded as follows: ‘1. …

… Where financial compensation, other forms of compensation and exclusive rights which a Member State grants for the fulfilment of the obligations set out in paragraph 2 of this or for the provision of universal service as set out in 27 are provided, this shall be done in a non-discriminatory and transparent way.’ 8. …

… Legal framework The 2 41 of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’), entitled ‘Right to good administration’, states: ‘1. Every person has the right to have his or her affairs handled , fairly and within a reasonable time by the institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the Union. 2. …

… laid down in this . …

… Every person has the right to have the Union make good any damage caused by its institutions or by its servants in the performance of their duties, in accordance with the general principles common to the laws of the Member States. …’ 3 of the , entitled ‘Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial’, provides: ‘Everyone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions …

… JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Third Chamber) 29 April 2026 (*) (Civil service - Officials - Reports procedure - 2022 appraisal procedure - Staff report - - Duty of care - Protection of personal data - 43 of the Staff Regulations - Internal rules on staff reports - Manifest error of assessment) In Case T-30/25, HI, represented by S. Rodrigues and A. Champetier, lawyers, applicant, v European Parliament, represented by S. Seyr, K. Zejdová and M. …

… Di Bucci, having regard to the written part of the procedure, - having regard to the fact that no request for a hearing was submitted by the parties within three weeks after service of notification of the close of the written part of the procedure, and having decided to rule on the action without an oral part of the procedure, pursuant to 106(3) of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court, gives the following Judgment 1 By her action based on 270 TFEU, the applicant, HI, seeks …

… Law Subject matter of the dispute 21 By her second head of claim, the applicant seeks annulment, in so far as necessary, of the decision rejecting the complaint. 22 According to settled case-law, where a decision rejecting a complaint lacks any content, claims formally directed against that decision have the effect of bringing before the Court the act against which the complaint was submitted (see judgment of 14 December 2017, RL v Court of Justice of the European Union, T-21/17, EU:T …

… Compliance with these rules shall be subject to control by an authority.” 129. By of the , entitled “Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial”, “[e]veryone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this ”. 130. …

… (2)(b) and (c) of the LED). …

… of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 127. By 7 of the of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (OJ 2016/C 202/02, p. 389 – “the ”), entitled “Respect for private and family life”, “[e]veryone has the right to respect for his or her private and family life, home and communications”. 128. 8 of the , entitled “Protection of personal data”, reads: “1. Everyone has the right to the protection of personal data concerning him or her. 2. …