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… market price. . …

… and 4 to 6 of that decision. 2. …

… Secondly, as regards subjective , I would point out that this is linked to and seeks to ensure a level playing field for the parties to the proceedings and their respective interests with regard to the subject matter of those proceedings. That aspect requires objectivity and the absence of any interest in the content of the expert’s report. (53) 83. …

… Were that not so, the right of access to justice and the jurisdiction conferred by 6 of Directive 2003/4 on the and bodies established by law and the courts of law would depend on the interpretation of the conditions for access to environmental information followed by the national authorities. As the Commissioner submitted, the mechanism for ensuring access to justice could be undermined by the simple act of a public authority deeming a request to be invalid. . …

… Under 6(1) of Directive 2003/4, Member States must ensure that any ‘applicant who considers that his request for information has been ignored, wrongfully refused … inadequately answered or otherwise not dealt with in accordance with the provisions of 3, 4 or 5, has access to a procedure in which the acts or omissions of the public authority concerned can be reconsidered by that or another public authority or reviewed administratively by an and body established …

… In other respects, neither 2(5) nor 3(1) of Directive 2003/4 imposes conditions relating to form or validity for the submission of a request. The term ‘request’ must be understood broadly as any request submitted in accordance with 3(1) of that directive. 38. …

… 6 and the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, interpreted in the light of of the , the first subparagraph of 4(1) of the Framework Directive and 31 of the EECC. 24 In the present case, 1(1037) of Law No 205/2017. 25 According to the settled case-law of the Court, 4 of the Framework Directive is an expression of the principle of effective judicial protection safeguarded by of the , pursuant to which it is for the courts of …

… of the national regulatory authorities - of Fundamental Rights of the European Union - - Effective judicial protection - National legislation limiting the effects of actions for annulment) Introduction 1. …

… It is in the light of that provision, interpreted in the light of of the , that the present question must be assessed, (25) without it being necessary, in the circumstances of the present case, to extend that assessment to the other provisions referred to by the referring court, in particular 6 and 19(1) TEU. (26) 31. …

… JUDGMENT OF THE GENERAL COURT (Seventh Chamber, Extended Composition) 19 March 2025 (*) (1) (Dumping - Import of superabsorbent polymers originating in the Republic of Korea - Regulation (EU) 2022/547 - Definitive anti-dumping duty - Article 3(2), (3), (5), (6) and (7) of Regulation (EU) 2016/1036 - Article 9(4) of Regulation 2016/1036 - Determination of injury - Examination of the effect of the imports on prices for like products sold on the EU market - Analysis of price undercutting - Application …

… of the principles of and neutrality, laid down in 41 of the . …

… However, those arguments, which, moreover, have been rejected in paragraphs 59 and 78 above, do not establish that the applicant did not have access to an effective remedy before an and tribunal. 81 In those circumstances, the head of illegality alleging a sufficiently serious breach of the principle of the of national courts and of the right to an effective remedy, laid down in of the , must be rejected. …

… parties, and are to respect the of national courts. 54 Accordingly, it is the procedural safeguards provided for under national law that are applicable in the context of the national proceedings in question; that law is deemed to comply with 19 TEU and of the . …

… Procedural limb of 2 of the Convention (a) The parties’ submissions (i) The applicants (ii) The Government (b) The Court’s assessment (i) General case-law principles (ii) Application of the above principles to the circumstances of the present cases (α) Adequacy of the investigation (β) Promptness and reasonable expedition (γ) Involvement of the victims or their next of kin and public scrutiny (δ) (ε) (στ) Conclusion IV. …

… Alleged violation of 8 of the Convention in respect of Ms Vyacheslavova (application no. 39553/16) A. Admissibility B. Merits V. Other alleged violations of the Convention A. Complaint under 3 of the Convention B. Complaint under 6 of the Convention VI. Application of 41 of the Convention A. Damage B. Costs and expenses APPENDIX I APPENDIX II In the case of Vyacheslavova and Others v. …

… Many interlocutors, from different sides and for different reasons, have expressed their doubt that the authorities will investigate the events and transparently. In that context, a noteworthy investigation has been established by civil society. …

… , that of . (14) . …

… Moreover, the Commission considered that the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court) did not satisfy the requirement of an and tribunal previously established by law, within the meaning of the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, read together with of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’). …

… By its third complaint, the Commission criticises the Republic of Poland for failing to comply with the requirements of the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU and of the . Those requirements concern the , and legality of the Trybunał Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Court). 97. …

… 19(1) TEU, read in conjunction with of the . …

… According to the Explanations relating to the of Fundamental Rights (OJ 2007 C 303, p. 17), the second paragraph of of the corresponds to 6(1) ECHR. …

… 19(1) TEU. 44 It follows that the Court has jurisdiction to rule on requests for a preliminary ruling, but not to interpret of the as such. …

… cited). 40 That is not the case here. 41 That said, of the must nevertheless be taken into consideration when interpreting the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU. …

… The 4 Under the first and second paragraphs of of the : ‘Everyone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this . …

… (Modification of the formation of the court), C-197/23, EU:C:2024:956, paragraph 66). 55 It follows that the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, read in the light of of the , requires that compliance with the rules of national law relating to the allocation of cases may be subject to judicial review in order to determine whether the formation of the court or tribunal to which a given case has been allocated constitutes an and tribunal previously established …

… appellant as a third party - Requirement of - Legal consequences of non-compliance with that requirement - No possibility of rectifying the application and inadmissibility of the action - of Fundamental Rights of the European Union - - Right to effective judicial protection - 52(1) - Limitation provided for by law) I. …

… In my view, the rule applied by the General Court, according to which an application cannot be rectified and the action is to be dismissed as manifestly inadmissible if the applicant’s representative does not have the requisite from the applicant, infringes the first and second paragraphs of and 52(1) of the . A. …

… The third ground of appeal, alleging a disproportionate limitation on the right of access to the courts, contrary to first and second paragraphs of and to 52(1) of the 79. The third ground of appeal concerns, in essence, the compatibility with the of the legal consequences of non-compliance with the requirement that the lawyer providing legal representation before the EU courts be . 1. Arguments of the parties 80. …