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… In the FMSA’s opinion, only journalists are able to be and comply with the rules and codes governing the profession of journalist. . I believe that the interpretation proposed by the Commission and MT is the most appropriate, for the reasons which I shall set out below. 48. …

… In accordance with recital 44: ‘This Directive respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised in particular by the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union [“the ”] and in particular by 11 thereof and 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights [“the ECHR”]. …

… Moreover, those statements were necessary for the accomplishment of his political duties and tasks and constitute the exercise of his freedom of expression, which is protected under 11 of the and 10 ECHR. 26. …

… (3) If the answer to the first question is Yes and if the answer to the second question in general is No, does [the EIA Directive] read in the light of Article of the of Fundamental Rights and/or the principle of wide access to justice under Article 9(2) of the Aarhus Convention have the effect that a time limit provided by the domestic law of a [M]ember [S]tate for the bringing of proceedings to assert a right under that Directive, must be reasonably foreseeable, but does not have to …

… Each Party shall, within the framework of its national legislation, ensure that members of the public concerned: (a) having a sufficient interest or, alternatively, (b) maintaining impairment of a right, where the administrative procedural law of a Party requires this as a precondition, have access to a review procedure before a court of law and/or another and body established by law, to challenge the substantive and procedural legality of any decision, act or omission subject …

… Member States shall ensure that, in accordance with the relevant national legal system, members of the public concerned: (a) having a sufficient interest, or alternatively; (b) maintaining the impairment of a right, where administrative procedural law of a Member State requires this as a precondition; have access to a review procedure before a court of law or another and body established by law to challenge the substantive or procedural legality of decisions, acts or omissions …

… cited). 90 That objective of strengthening the and of NRAs is expressed in 3(3a) of the Framework Directive. …

… Gariazzo, acting as Agents, after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 27 March 2025, gives the following Judgment 1 These requests for a preliminary ruling concern the interpretation of 6 and the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the ’), 3, 5, 7 and 14 of Directive 2002/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on the authorisation of electronic …

… 6 and the second [subparagraph] of 19(1) TEU, interpreted in the light of of the [], the first subparagraph of 4(1) of [the Framework Directive], and 31 of [Directive 2018/1972], be interpreted as precluding national legislation, such as that laid down in Italian law ( 1(1037) of [Law No 205/2017]), which, in a situation of EU-wide relevance, limits the effects of actions for annulment, by preventing restitution or specific performance, and confines …

… The Court has thus had the opportunity of underlining that, in accordance with 252 TFEU, the role of the Advocate General is to make, in open court, acting with complete and , reasoned submissions on cases which, in accordance with the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, require the Advocate General’s involvement in order to assist the Court in the performance of the task assigned to it, which is to ensure that, in the interpretation and application …

… Furthermore, the Court has at its disposal, at the close of the written and oral parts of the procedure, all the elements necessary and therefore has sufficient information to make a ruling. 50 Second, it should be borne in mind that neither Article 6(1) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms nor Article of the of Fundamental Rights of the European Union imposes an absolute obligation to hold a public hearing in all proceedings and do not …

… Second, Duca di Salaparuta submits that the fact that no hearing was held before the Court, despite its request to that effect, infringes its right to a public hearing, enshrined in 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed at Rome on 4 November 1950. Pursuant to 83 of its Rules of Procedure, the Court may, at any time, after hearing the Advocate General, order the reopening of the oral part of the procedure, in particular …

… 16 of the , the freedom to conduct a business on which the applicant relies may nevertheless be subject to limitations, under the conditions laid down in 52(1) of the . …

… of the requires, inter alia, that the Courts of the European Union ensure that the decision by way of which restrictive measures were adopted or maintained, which affects the person or entity concerned individually, is taken on a sufficiently solid factual basis. …

… The third complaint, alleging disproportionate interference in the freedom to conduct a business 145 The applicant claims that sanctioning all Russian IT companies, on the ground that they are obliged to hold a license from the FSB in order to engage in their activities, is a disproportionate interference in the freedom to conduct a business enshrined in 16 of the . 146 Under 16 of the , ‘the freedom to conduct a business in accordance with Union law and national laws …

… Union), the freedom to choose an occupation ( 15 of the of Fundamental Rights) and (financial) undertakings’ freedom to conduct a business ( 16 of the of Fundamental Rights), with the result that it falls within the responsibilities of the EU legislature, it should be borne in mind that, according to the case-law, the involvement of the EU legislature is required when the adopted act allows for significant interference with fundamental rights (see, to that effect, judgment …

… (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’) (OJ 2021, L 243, p. 1; ‘the European Climate Law’). 12 The second plea in law alleges infringement of 10(2) and 19(1)(f) and (g) of the Taxonomy Regulation and of the precautionary principle. 13 The third plea in law alleges infringement of 17 and 19(1)(f) and (g) of the Taxonomy Regulation and of the precautionary principle. 14 The fourth plea in law alleges infringement of 17 of the Taxonomy Regulation as regards the …

… law alleges breach of the principle of technological neutrality laid down in 19(1)(a) and (j) of the Taxonomy Regulation and of the principle of non-discrimination. 23 The twelfth plea in law alleges infringement of 17 and 19(1)(f) of the Taxonomy Regulation and of the precautionary principle. 24 The thirteenth plea in law alleges infringement of 11 and 19(1)(f) of the Taxonomy Regulation and of the precautionary principle. 25 The fourteenth plea in law alleges …

… decision. As regards the action in Case T-224/24, which also seeks the annulment of the decision not to extend the term of office and which was also brought on the basis of 270 TFEU, attention is drawn to the fact that it was brought after the applicant had submitted to the Council a complaint under Article 90(2) of the Staff Regulations and after that complaint had, impliedly and then expressly, been rejected (see paragraphs 34 and 37 above). 48 The applicant explains in that connection …

… Law 42 After hearing the views of the parties in that regard, the Court has decided to join the present cases for the purposes of the judgment, in accordance with 68 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Court. …

… the basis of 90(2) of the Staff Regulations, submitted a complaint against Decision MB-23-04 suspending the delegation of the appointing authority powers and requested compensation of EUR 50 000 in respect of the non-material harm he had allegedly suffered. 25 On 22 March 2023, the Council sent an email requesting the Management Board, in the person of its Chairperson, to submit to it the assessment made under 158(3) of Regulation 2017/1001 (see paragraph 5 above). 26 In reply to …

… Lastly, there was no indication that an offence under 144 § 3 of the CC had been committed. The officer recommended that the investigation be suspended. . On 25 April 2016 the Sofia District Prosecutor suspended the investigation. 48. …

… Since 2023 the sentence for a threat made with racist or xenophobic motivation is also up to six years ( 144 § 3(4)). The offence under 144 § 1 is subject to private prosecution ( 161 § 1 of the CC), while the offence under 144 § 3 is subject to public prosecution. 67. …

… Following a challenge made to the higher prosecutor by the applicants, in a decision of 16 September 2016 the Sofia City Prosecutor confirmed the lower prosecutor’s decision (discussed in paragraphs -49 above), fully accepting its reasoning as to the lack of evidence that an offence under 144 § 3 of the CC had been committed. 57. …

… However, in the subsequent paragraphs of the application, the appellants submitted general comments on the validity of Rule 9(11) of the Rules of Procedure and stated, in the second sentence of paragraph 162, that the confidential nature of the procedure constituted a breach of 15 TFEU and of the , in conjunction with the rights of the defence. 104. …

… In the second place, the appellants state in their application for annulment that Rule 9(11) of the Rules of Procedure constitutes an unlawful interference with their rights enshrined in and 48 of the . They do not, however, put forward any reasons in that regard. Those arguments should therefore be rejected. 108. …

… The appellants do not put forward any argument in support of their claims, they assert that a lack of objective is sufficient for the purposes of 41(1) and 39(2) of the , and they merely refer to matters raised in the context of other complaints. This complaint is, therefore, inadmissible in so far as it lacks adequate reasoning. 81. …

… According to the Explanations relating to the of Fundamental Rights (OJ 2007 C 303, p. 17), the second paragraph of of the corresponds to 6(1) ECHR. …

… K. and Others ( of the Disciplinary Chamber of the Supreme Court), C-585/18, C-624/18 and C-625/18, EU:C:2019:982, paragraph 78 and the case-law cited). 32 In the present case, as regards of the , the referring court has not provided any indication that the disputes in the main proceedings concern the interpretation or application of a rule of EU law being implemented at national level. 33 Therefore, in accordance with 51(1) thereof, of the …

… relate, in essence, (i) to the right to be heard by an and tribunal previously established by law, which derives from the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU and (ii) to the principle of the primacy of EU law. 42 In those circumstances, it is necessary to examine the questions referred for a preliminary ruling in the light solely of the second subparagraph of 19(1) TEU, read in the light of of the , and of the principle of the primacy of EU law …